Authentication vs. Authorization: Key Differences and Types

Authentication and authorization are two concepts of access management that make for the perfect combo when speaking of ensuring a thorough cybersecurity strategy for a company.

Read on to gain more knowledge on authentication and authorization definitions, the difference between authentication and authorization, and how our solutions can help.

What Is Authentication?

The authentication process refers to verifying someone’s identity or determining that they are who they claim to be.

For instance, if you need to gain access to a system and you are required to fill out your username and password, these are checked against a specific database following your input. After this step, if the submitted data matches, you are granted system access.

Another example of authentication would be when two devices are set in different locations and initiate communication. Through authentication, these basically establish a trust level.

What Is Authorization?

Authorization is the process of granting someone permission to do something or access a certain resource after checking their level of access and after the authentication process is completed. This permission can be granted by a person or an automated system.

Authorization is usually done with the goal of preventing unauthorized access to resources. Unauthorized access to critical infrastructure or confidential data can be harmful if the person using it has malicious goals.

For instance, you may be authorized to use standard apps at your job, like Word, Outlook, or Excel. But you might not be authorized to use some applications reserved only for admins, like system management or security apps.

To gain access to restricted areas a privileged access management system for example should authorize you to it. Tools like Heimdal’s PAM suite can assign you privileged access for a certain amount of time. You only get permission to access a database or use an app for the time you need it to perform your task.

This granular authorization method is called just-in-time access. It enhances security by limiting the amount of time when sensitive infrastructure and data are exposed.

Authentication vs Authorization

Authentication and authorization are pretty straightforward:

• user authentication checks the identity of an individual
• authorization authorizes what apps, files, or data the user who had previously authenticated has access to

In a safe IT environment, authorization follows and depends on successful authentication.

The difference between authentication and authorization can also be explained in that authentication uses passwords or biometric data to validate the identity of the user. Authorization follows policies and settings established and managed by the company.

So, obviously, when speaking of an access management process the authentication phase comes first, then authorization follows.

The authentication process is visible to the user, while authorization is not. The set of settings established within the company that grant permission to access is not visible to the user. Also, the user can’t change them.

Token types mark another difference between authentication and authorization. For authentication, data is transmitted via ID tokens, while for authorization the information is transmitted via an access token.

See all the key differences between authentication and authorization in the image below.

Why Are Authentication and Authorization Important?

The main goal of authentication and authorization working together is to prevent data breaches. Thus, authentication and authorization combined are important because they:

• secure access to the organization’s network at a granular level through centralized access controls;
• prevent financial and reputational damage;
• limit the activities and the information a user can have access to and thus prevent lateral movement;
• help detect unauthorized activity on a network;
• streamline and enhance user productivity;
• help meet compliance goals.

Authentication Methods

Authentication methods usually rely upon the three “w”: what you know, what you own, and what you are. Therefore, among the most common authentication methods we can mention:

“What You Know” Authentication Methods or Knowledge Authentication Factors

• Password-based authentication: it will require the user’s username and password. However, weak passwords can be easily hacked through brute force attacks, so it’s not always the best authentication method. Hackers also compromise credentials through phishing attacks and social engineering.
• Security questions;
• Personal identification number (PIN);
• Date of birth;
• Social Security number;
• Verification of other personally identifiable information (PII).

“What You Have” Authentication Methods or Possession Factors

• Hardware access token;
• Software token;
• Digital ID card;
• Keys;
• Swipe card;
• Authentication applications on your phone: I’m sure you’re familiar with these kinds of apps that generate security codes to let you authenticate;
• Security certificates;
• Single sign-on: large enterprises with various systems and platforms utilize this authentication process to give users instant access to all of their apps;
• Paswordless authentication: this method works through one-time PINs. These are mechanisms that ensure that the access is granted for one session at a time through a one-time password or the user will receive a link they should access to complete the authentication phase. This technique is also frequently met under OTP-based authentication.

“What You Are” Authentication Methods or Inherence Factors

• IAM-driven biometric data: this method asks for user biometric info like a fingerprint, retinal scan, facial recognition, and voice recognition.

As we can see from all these examples, the authentication process falls under the Identity and Access Management area we’ve talked about thoroughly in a previous article.

Authentication can happen via single-factor authentication when only one authentication factor is required to assess the identity of the user. In this case, it’s usually asking the username and password. Although it’s a common type of authentication it’s not a safe method. Single-factor authentication is vulnerable to phishing and brute force attacks.

Two-factor authentication combines two authentication methods. Like asking for username and password and a code the user gets on their mobile.

Multi-factor authentication can use two or multiple authenticator factors to check the user’s identity. MFA is the safest form of confirming someone’s ID.

Authorization Types

Once the authentication step is completed, users gain access to specific data to perform their tasks. Authorization policies depend on the organization’s security needs and compliance regulations. The three main authorization types are:

Role-Based Access Control

Role-based access controls (RBAC) is an authorization method that restricts access to particular resources based on the role assigned to a user or group. RBAC uses the principle of least privilege access, which states that users should only get access to resources they need to accomplish their tasks.

Role-based access control has become more popular in recent years because it’s safer than other methods of restricting network or system access. By granting privileged access and permissions based on the specific of a user’s tasks, RBAC is also flexible enough to not hinder workflows and productivity.

In a RBAC authorization model, an HR employee will only have access to HR-related resources, like employee’s contact and payment details. However, they won’t have access financial transactions databases that are specific to a Finance Department.

Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)

Attribute-based access control (ABAC) is a type of access control framework that is even more granular than RBAC. It allows the owner of an object to assign security attributes to it, and then use those attributes to define who should be granted access to it.

An attribute can be:

• data about the user – name, role, ID card number
• data about the environment – access time, data location, etc.

The main advantage of attribute-based access control is that it can be applied without the need for complex rule sets. It also has the advantage you can apply it at different levels in an organization.

However, ABAC can be difficult to enforce because you need accurate and up-to-date attribute information about both subjects and objects.

JSON Web Token

JSON web token or JWT stands for an open standard that allows the secure transmission of data between parties. In this case, users are authorized by means of a public/private key combination. Metadata is included in JWTs, permitting admins to restrict a user’s access to certain resources.

Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)

SAML stands for an XML-based protocol, basically a mechanism that allows Single Sign-On format (SSO) for web apps, in which authentication information is communicated via digitally signed XML documents. In terms of authorization, SAML can be employed by admins to establish which resources users can access.

OpenID Authorization

OpenID authorization checks a user’s identity via authentication from an authorization server. The fundamental benefit of OpenID authorization is that it is based on standards, therefore it works consistently across systems and platforms.

OAuth Authorization

When we talk about OAuth we refer to an open-standard authorization framework that enables secure designated access within applications. OAuth usually relies on permission tokens to establish a connection between users and service providers.

Access Control Lists (ACLs)

Access Control Lists (ACLs) specify which people or services have access to a certain digital environment. This type of access control works based on allowing/denying rules in relation to the authorization level of the user.

Simply put, standard user accounts will not have the same authorization as admin user accounts that have privileged permissions.

Device Permissions

Device permissions involve that the permission will be given in relation to the device that is trying to establish a connection with a resource.

Location Permissions

Location permissions consider the location of the user or the entity and provide permission accordingly.

Discretionary Access Control (DAC)

Privileges are assigned by DAC based on the user and their access groups. A DAC model allows a specific group or identity to access every object in a system. Once a user has been granted access to an object they can grant access to other users as needed.

Mandatory Access Control (MAC)

At the operating system level, MAC determines entity authorization. Permissions for threads and processes are often controlled by MAC, which establishes which files and memory objects they can access. Individual users cannot set, amend, or remove permissions in a way that is not in accordance with current policies as these policies are managed by an admin.

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How to Implement Authentication and Authorization with Heimdal

Within the organizational architecture, centralized privileged access management systems can play a significant role in providing robust user authentication and authorization.

Since authorization implies firstly user authentication and then granting permissions or privileges, and because those privileges can be enforced and managed through a privileged access management strategy for instance, here is where a PAM solution comes into play allowing you to control the big number of the privileged accounts you have within your organization and assure the right people have the right authorization to perform their tasks.

In this case, for granting privileged access, authorization comes in the form of privileged access management. To properly implement a PAM strategy, you need, of course, an automated PAM tool. If you choose Heimdal Privileged and Access Management you will benefit from:

• a smooth approval/denial flow for privileged access from anywhere;
• automate de-escalation of rights on threat detection;
• a zero-trust component, that is an essential element in implementing a proper authorization strategy;
• just-in-time access: this limits the timeframe a user with privileged access has to perform what they need to do during an elevated session;
• it supports Privilege Elevation and Delegation Management eliminating the risk of over-privileged accounts through its non-privileged user account curation capabilities for AD (Active Directory), Azure AD, or hybrid setups.

All of these features of privileged access management help ensure a proper authorization strategy that limits insider threats through the control over privileged access and thus dramatically reduces security risks for an organization.

Wrapping Up

Now you understand what authentication vs authorization means, what the main differences between the two concepts are, and how a privileged access management strategy can help you ensure a proper user authentication and authorization strategy in your company. And if you want to try out our products, feel free to contact us at sales.inquiries@heimdalsecurity.com or BOOK a DEMO.

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Andra Andrioaie

Security Enthusiast

Hi! My name is Andra and I am a passionate writer interested in a variety of topics. I am curious about the cybersecurity world and what I want to achieve through what I write is to keep you curious too!